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(Find the link in ‘coding’ on SLACK)
Topic 6.1 - Array Creation and Access (Sreeja)
Vocabulary
- Array: a data strucutre used to implement a collection of object referance data
- Element: a single value within an array
- Index of an element: position of an element in the array (In java, the first element of an array is at index 0)
- Length of an array: number of elements in the array
Declaring an Array
Defines the array variable, specifying its data type and name.
// Syntax: dataType[] arrayName;
int[] numbers; // Declare an integer array
String[] names; // Declare a string array
Creating an Array
Gives memory for the array and specifies its size.
// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements
Initializing an Array
Populates the array with initial values.
// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements
Accessing Array Elements
Retrieves a specific element’s value from the array using its index.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int element = numbers[2]; // Access the third element (30) using index 2
System.out.println(element); // Output: 30
Array Length
Obtains and displays the number of elements in the array.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int length = numbers.length; // Get the length of the array
System.out.println("Array length: " + length); // Output: Array length: 5
Modifying Array Elements
Updates the value of a specific element in the array.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
numbers[2] = 35; // Change the third element to 35
Iterating Through an Array
Loops through the array, printing each element.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
Enhanced For Loop (For-each)
Iterates through the array using a simplified loop structure, printing each element.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int number : numbers) {
System.out.println(number);
}
Topic 6.2 - Traversing Array (1D) (Tanisha)
Using iteration statements (standard for loops and while loops) to access each element in an array.
Standard For Loop
- An array in java is indexed from 0 to the number of elements - n. - Tanisha did not explain this
Review on For Loops
- init: The init expression is used for initializing a variable, and it is executed only once.
- condition: It executes the condition statement for every iteration
- incr/decr: It is the increment or decrement statement applied to the variable, updates the initial expression.
import java.util.Random;
/* public class RandomArray {
public static void main(String[] args){
int [] list = new int[6];
Random rand = new Random();
*/
// FOR LOOP 1
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++){
list[i] = rand.nextInt(4);
}
// FOR LOOP 2
for(int element: list){
System.out.println(element);
}
/* }
}
RandomArray.main(null);
*/
Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!
- What do the for loops accomplish? Put random numbers in each of the array spots. ________
- What is the difference between how elements of the array list are accessed? The first loop has a normal for loop, and the second for loop is using an enhanced for loop. ________
- BONUS: When the array list of ints was first created, what was each int in the list initialized to? The array of ints was first created, each int in the list was initialized to 0/null. _________
For loop : Accessing Some Elements of a List
Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!
-
If I only wanted to access the elements at even indexes of the list (0, 2, 4), what could I change in the statement below to accomplish that?
index++ change to index +=2 -
What about odd?
int index = 1; index +=2
// EVEN
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Even Index");
for(int index = 0; index < list.length; index+=2){
System.out.println(list[index]);
}
// ODD
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Odd Index");
for(int index = 1; index < list.length; index+=2){
System.out.println(list[index]);
}
Even Index
0
2
4
Odd Index
1
3
5
Note: These are NOT traversals, even though these are for loops. This is because not every element in the array is accessed.
Standard While Loop
- Does the following loop accomplish traversing the array? YES
int [] list = new int[5];
int index = 0;
while (index < list.length)
{
// Do something
index ++;
}
- This while loop and the for loop we used earlier accomplish the same task. The main difference is that after the loop is completed, the variable ‘index’ in the while loop will still exist. The variable ‘i’ in the for loop will not. Why?
i is a temporary variable created by the for loop, since it is initialized as a condition of the loop, the variable is removed after the loop.
Bounds Errors
When traversing an array, we need to be careful with the indices to avoid an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
ATTENTION: MOST COMMON MISTAKE:
- What is wrong with the for loop and while loop below? Why does this produce an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error?
list.length - 1, since the index starts at 0 but when you count the list you start at one, your index is one less then your length. That creates an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error, as you are trying to get an index that does not exist based on the length. Change it to i < list.length to fix it. Same thing in the while loop as well.
for(int i = 0; i <= list.length; i ++)
int index = 0;
while (index <= list.length)
Off by One Error : missing the first or last element of an array when trying to traverse
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
// This won't access the last element in the list
for(int i = 0; i < list.length - 1; i ++)
// This won't access the first element in the list
int index = 1;
while (index <= list.length)
Developing Methods Using Arrays
Reviewing common methods asked on AP Exam FRQs
Average Value
Complete the popcorn hack below in order to return the average value of the elements in the list numbers.
public class ArrayAverage {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25};
int sum = 0;
double average;
int i=0;
for (i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
average = (double) sum / numbers.length; /* missing code */
System.out.println("The average of the numbers is: " + average);
}
}
ArrayAverage.main(null);
The average of the numbers is: 15.0
6.3 Enhanced for loop for Arrays (Vivian)
- the enhanced for loop is also known as the “for each” loop
- provides a simplified way to loop through elements in an array, collection, or other iterable data structures.
//syntax for enhanced for loop
for (dataType element : array) {
// code to process 'element'
}
- the data type in the loop must match the array’s element data type.
//array of int matches element int
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num);
}
1
2
3
4
5
Comparing a regular for loop with the enhanced for loop
Popcorn Hack: Rewrite this code to use an enhanced for loop instead. make comments explaining what you added/changed
import java.util.List;
class Quote {
private List<String> quotes;
private List<String> emotions;
public Quote(List<String> quotes, List<String> emotions) {
this.quotes = quotes;
this.emotions = emotions;
}
public void printQuotesWithEmotions() {
// Make a change in the code here!
int j = 0;
for (String quote : quotes) {
System.out.println("Quote: \"" + i + "\"");
System.out.println("Emotion: " + emotions.get(j)); // You cannot do an enhanced for loop with two variables of different sets. That does not work, as the for loop cannot increment both at the same time. Therefore, we have to use a hybrid or a regular loop. I have used a hybrid one here.
System.out.println("---------------------------");
j++;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> quotes = List.of(
"Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.",
"The only way to do great work is to love what you do.",
"The best way to predict the future is to create it."
);
List<String> emotions = List.of(
"Courageous",
"Passionate",
"Innovative"
);
Quote quotePrinter = new Quote(quotes, emotions);
quotePrinter.printQuotesWithEmotions();
}
}
Quote.main(null);
Quote: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts."
Emotion: Courageous
---------------------------
Quote: "The only way to do great work is to love what you do."
Emotion: Passionate
---------------------------
Quote: "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
Emotion: Innovative
---------------------------
What are some of the benefits of using an enhanced for loop in this case versus a regular for loop?
The enhanced for loop simplifies the logic and ensures that there are no index out of bound errors here, while we can also set it to automatically increment the other variable for the other list, and since that is the same size, we also do not have to worry about index errors for that list as well.
Limitations to enhanced for loop
- it does not provide access to the index of the current element.
- This means you cannot easily determine the position of the element in the array or collection.
- But when you want to search for a specific element in a collection and you don’t necessarily need to access the index
- If you need to work with indices, you should use a traditional for loop instead.
- read-only access to elements.
- You cannot modify the elements within the loop
- Thus, when you need to modify a collection based on a condition. You should use a regular for loop
For the next two code blocks, decide whether or not its better to use a regular for loop or an enhanced one, explain why. write the code for them
- Searching for an Element in an ArrayList
ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
String searchName = "Vivian";
//code goes here
for () {
}
It would be better to use a enhanced for loop because you do not need the index.
- Removing Even Numbers from an ArrayList
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();
//code goes here
for () {
}
Normal, you need the index to be able to remove the number.
6.4: Developing Algorithms Using Arrays (Isabelle)
How to identify the maximum or minimum value in an array
It is a common task to determine what the largest or smallest value stored is inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of primitve values (int or double) and return the item that is at the appropriate extreme.
Inside the method a local variable is needed to store the current max or min value that will be compared against all the values in the array. You can assign the current value to be either the opposite extreme or the first item you would be looking at.
You can use either a standard for loop or an enhanced for loop to determine the max or min. Assign the temporary variable a starting value based on what extreme you are searching for.
Inside the for loop, compare the current value against the local variable; if the current value is better, assign it to the temporary variable. When the loop is over, the local variable will contain the appropriate value and is still available and within scope and can be returned from the method.
Find max in an array of double values
private double findMax(double [] values) {
double max = values[0];
for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
if (values[index] > max) {
max = values[index];
}
}
return max;
}
Find min in an array of int values
private int findMin(int [] values) {
int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int currentValue: values) {
if (currentValue < min) {
min = currentValue;
}
}
return min;
}
Let’s Practice!
Popcorn hack #1
// What needs to be changed to find the index of the max value? (write correct code in cell below)
private int findMax(double [] values) {
double max = values[0];
int maxIndex = 0;
for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
if (values[index] > max) {
max = values[index];
maxIndex = index;
}
}
return (int)max;
}
How to calculate the average value from objects in an array
It is a common task to determine what is the average value returned from items stored inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of Objects (DebugDuck) and calculate and return the average value that each instance of DebugDuck returns from the method.
Inside the method; a local double variable is needed to store the accumulated values. Then we use a for loop to traverse the array and add the current total to the variable. After accumulating all the values we need to divide the total by the number of items stored in the array.
Using a standard for loop
private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
double average = 0.0;
for (int index = 0; index < ducks.length; index++) {
average += ducks[index].getQuestionCount();
}
average = average / ducks.length;
return average;
}
Using a standard enhanced loop
private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
double average = 0.0;
for (DebugDuck currentDuck: ducks) {
average += currentDuck.getQuestionCount();
}
average = average / ducks.length;
return average;
}
Does the order of accumulation matter? No, you can go forward and backwards.
Can you declare the variable inside the loop? NO - this reinitializes the variable every time!
Shfiting Array contents to the right
The contents of an array often need to be shifted as part of a solution to using the data inside.
We need to know how much to shift the array by. This will need to be an int obviously.
In order to move the contents we next need to make an empty array of the same size and then iterate over the original array and properly copy the values to the adjusted index in the new array.
We then need to assign the new array back into the original variable.
What kind of for loop should we use? Why? Normal, we need the index.
int [] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
int [] shifted = new int [numbers.length];
int shift = 8;
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
shifted [Math.abs((index + shift) % numbers.length)] = numbers[index];
}
numbers = shifted;
for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num + " ");
}
3
4
5
1
2
Why are we using the % operator? Divided by and gets the remainder, and it prevents the shift leading to an out of bounds.
Popcorn hack #2
How would we code a left shift? Write a left shift using the variables below
// Doing it properly ahem WITH spacing and comments
public static void leftShiftArray(String[] arr, int shiftWord) {
int length = arr.length;
// Ensure shiftWord is within the array length to avoid unnecessary iterations
shiftWord %= length;
// Create a new array to store the shifted elements
String[] shiftedArr = new String[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// Calculate the new index after left shifting
int newIndex = (i - shiftWord + length) % length;
// Copy the element from the original array to the shifted array
shiftedArr[newIndex] = arr[i];
}
// Copy the shifted array back to the original array
System.arraycopy(shiftedArr, 0, arr, 0, length);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] words = {"alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta"};
int shiftWord = 2;
leftShiftArray(words, shiftWord);
// Print the shifted array
for (String word : words) {
System.out.print(word + " ");
}
}
main(null);
gamma delta alpha beta
Why should the array index be wrapped in a call to Math.abs? As we are shifting, we may have to shift things back and forth, which changes our index from positive to negative, and although they are referencing the same point, we cannot have negative indexes, so we absolute value them.
Hacks
Scoring Guidelines:
- 0.2 for completeing each of the sub-unit hacks mentioned below.
- FRQ/PopCorn hacks will be graded AP Style
- 0.1 for having organized notebook with note taking when appropriate.
- Extra 0.1 for going above expectations for the hacks (being creative!)
6.1 HACK 1 FRQ (<5 min)
Follow the steps in the lesson to just make an array that has some relation to your project. Feel free to use the code examples we provided in your hack if you would like.
6.2 HACK 1 FRQ (<10 min)
Prime Numbers in an Array (5-10 min)
Create a loop to identify and print the prime numbers from an array of integers. Your loop MUST traverse through the given list. Some things to consider:
BONUS: Do this with a for loop AND a while loop
- Understand prime numbers and how to check for primality.
- Implement a loop and conditional statements to iterate through the array.
- Consider data storage (either displaying prime numbers immediately or storing them for later display)
public class PrimeNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numlist = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31};
System.out.println("Prime numbers in the array:");
for (int num : numlist) {
if (isPrimeNumber(num)) {
System.out.println(num);
}
}
}
// Function to check if a number is prime
public static boolean isPrimeNumber(int num) {
if (num <= 1) {
return false;
}
if (num == 2 || num == 3) {
return true;
}
if (num % 2 == 0) {
return false;
}
for (int divisor = 3; divisor <= Math.sqrt(num); divisor += 2) {
if (num % divisor == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
PrimeNumbers.main(null)
Prime numbers in the array:
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
public class PrimeNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numlist = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31};
int index = 0;
System.out.println("Prime numbers in the array:");
while (index < numlist.length) {
int num = numlist[index];
if (isPrimeNumber(num)) {
System.out.println(num);
}
index++;
}
}
// Function to check if a number is prime
public static boolean isPrimeNumber(int num) {
if (num <= 1) {
return false;
}
if (num == 2 || num == 3) {
return true;
}
if (num % 2 == 0) {
return false;
}
for (int divisor = 3; divisor <= Math.sqrt(num); divisor += 2) {
if (num % divisor == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
PrimeNumbers.main(null)
Prime numbers in the array:
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
6.2 HACK 2 MCQ (<5 min)
Multiple Choice Questions
Do NOT Run the code cells. Try to do this on your own.
- What will be displayed as the output?
String [] list = {"red", "yellow", "blue"};
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(list[i].length()+ "-" )
}
- A. red-yellow-blue
- B. 3-3-3-
- C. 3-6-4- THIS ANSWER
- D. 3-6-
- E. 3-6-4
Write why you chose that answer! ________
Its just the length of each word in the list followed by a dash… string lessons.
- The code below is meant to display every other number in the list numbers. Which of the following should replace the missing code in order to do this?
int [] numbers = {3, -4, 6, -7, 2};
for(/*missing code*/)
{
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
- A. int i = 0; i < numbers.length/2; i++
- B. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++
- C. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i+=2
- D. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++
- E. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2 THIS ONE
Write why you chose that answer! ________
Basically, you are looking for i = 0 (initial start), i < length (length of the actual list), and i+=2 (increment by 2). The only option that satisfies those requirements is E.
- (This one is a little hard) Which of the following would fix the code so that the elements in arr are reversed. Hint: try creating a list in your head and trace the code to see if the code accomplishes its goal.
public static void reverseArray(double [] arr)
{
for(int = 0; i< arr.length; i++)
{
double temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[arr.length-1-i];
arr[arr.length-1-i] = temp;
}
}
- A. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length - 1
- B. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2 THIS ONE
- C. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2 - 1
In case you are having trouble with question 3 the answer is B. Write about why!
What the function does is that it swapps the first term with the last term, the second term with the second to last term and so on. /2 -1 wont work because you would skip the middle term(s), and if you repeat it the point of the function wil be lost. Therefore, the only option is the second one, where it does the correct amount of iterations.
6.3 HACK
- Just finish the popcorn hacks throughout the lesson!
6.4 HACK
- Just finish the 2 popcorn hacks in the lesson!